U.S. corn growers farming in hell

This is what climate change looks like.

US corn yields seriously threatened as soils dry and temperature climbs

 A preview of climate impacts to come.

For the second year in a row, farmers and agriculture analysts are watching temperatures rise during peak pollination time for the U.S. corn crop. Corn pollen is sensitive to high temperatures, and heat waves during pollination time will lower yields, as happened last year.

Now the heat wave in the Midwest is coupled with record low levels of soil moisture, leading to added stress on pollination and added anxiety all around

A bitter cup of tea

Tea production fell in 2011 in both Kenya and Uganda, compared with 2010. While two data points do not indicate a trend, crop and climate scientists anticipate drastic reductions in tea production in these two countries in the coming decades. Last year the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (its acronym CIAT derives from the Spanish version of its name) released two important studies: Future climate scenarios for Uganda's tea growing areas and Future climate scenarios for Kenya's tea growing areas, both predicting significant falls in production and export earnings from the crop in these two countries.

Kenya's tea producing zone will shift 500m up in elevation by 2050; lower elevation production areas will see severe drops in suitability for production. A shift in elevation will put forests and protected areas at risk of conversion and will leave many producers in lower elevations in need of new sources of livelihoods.

Impacts are predicted to be even more severe in Uganda: "The report reveals that tea will become increasingly less suited to conditions in Uganda, posing a serious threat to the livelihoods of Uganda’s many smallholder producers and their families."

Fears of British super-drought after record low rainfall this winter

Mexico's drought reduces agricultural production by 40%

Drought may cause shutdown of Texas rice production

I wonder how long it will take for US leadership -- both political and agricultural -- to wake up to the real threat climate change poses to agricultural production here, and hence to one of the only sectors that provides significant export earnings.

African maize yields will fall under increasing temperatures

To those following the scientific research on climate impacts on agriculture in Africa, the theme of this post should come as no surprise. Stanford research David Lobell and colleagues merely add to work that has already been published by that research group. Their latest study adds much more empirical data analysis to much modeling already undertaken, with confirmation of the grim scenarios foreseen for agriculture on the African continent.

Using data from maize/corn variety trials carried out over more than ten years across Africa they provide further evidence of the effects of temperature on maize production. In particular, the number of degree days that exceed 30 degrees C has significant effect -- "each degree day spent above 30 degrees C reduced final yield by 1% under optimal rain-fed conditions, and by 1.7% under drought conditions."

High temperatures affect the moisture status of the soil, thereby increasing stress on the plant. As well, high temperatures were especially problematic during silking and pre-silking stages.

Their work concludes with analysis of the cumulative impact of degree days above 30 degrees C -- linking the impacts of daily temperature maximums seen during a season with what would be expected over the next decades with each 1 degree C of warming seen.

For sites with average temperatures above 25 degrees C yields decline rapidly with increasing temperatures, "because of frequent exposure to temperatures above 30 degrees C, with more than 10% yield loss per degree C of warming... Under drought conditions, even the coolest trials are harmed by 1 degree C warming, with losses exceeding 40% at the hottest sites."

The graphs and maps included in the paper are sobering.